ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate different methods' efficacy of controlling acute bleeding and managing long-term menstruation in patients with heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) associated with antithrombotic therapy. Methods: The clinical data of 22 cases with HMB associated with antithrombotic therapy admitted to Peking University People's Hospital from January 2010 to August 2022 were analyzed, aged 39 years old (26-46 years). Changes in menstrual volume, hemoglobin (Hb), and quality of life were collected after control of acute bleeding and long-term menstrual management. Menstrual volume was assessed by pictorial blood assessment chart (PBAC), and quality of life was assessed by menorrhagia multi-attribute scale (MMAS). Results: (1) Treatment of acute bleeding: of the 22 cases with HMB associated with antithrombotic therapy, 16 cases were treated in our hospital and 6 in other hospital for emergency bleeding; of the 16 cases treated in our hospital, 3 underwent emergency intrauterine Foley catheter balloon compression due to severe bleeding (Hb decreased by 20 to 40 g/L within 12 hours). Of the 22 cases with antithrombotic therapy-related HMB, 15 (including 2 cases with severe bleeding) underwent emergency aspiration or endometrial resection, and intraoperative placement of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) followed by a significant reduction in bleeding volume; 3 cases had controlled acute bleeding after rivaroxaban dose reduction and continued observation; 2 cases were given gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists to control acute bleeding in other hospital, of which 1 case was temporarily treated with periodic blood transfusion, and the other one patient underwent total hysterectomy; and 2 cases had temporary amenorrhea with oral mifepristone after intrauterine balloon compression or oral norethindrone. (2) Long-term menstrual management: of the 22 cases with antithrombotic therapy-related HMB, 15 had LNG-IUS placement and 12 had LNG-IUS placement for 6 months, and menstrual volume was significantly reduced [PBAC scores were 365.0 (272.5-460.0) vs 25.0 (12.5-37.5), respectively; Z=4.593, P<0.001], Hb was significantly increased [91.5 g/L (71.8-108.2 g/L) vs 128.5 g/L (121.2-142.5 g/L); Z=4.695, P<0.001], and quality of life was significantly improved [MMAS scores were 415.0 (327.5-472.5) vs 580.0 (570.0-580.0), respectively; Z=-3.062, P=0.002] before placement compared with 6 months after placement. Three rivaroxaban dose reduction patients' PBAC scores decreased by 20 to 35 but remained >100, and perceived quality of life did not change significantly. Two cases with temporary amenorrhea treated with oral mifepristone felt significantly improved quality of life, and the MMAS scores increased by 220 and 180, respectively. Conclusion: Intrauterine Foley catheter balloon compression, aspiration or endometrial ablation could be used to control acute bleeding in patients with antithrombotic therapy-related HMB, and LNG-IUS for long-term management could reduce menstrual volume, increase hemoglobin, and improve the quality of life of patients.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Adult , Menorrhagia/etiology , Fibrinolytic Agents/adverse effects , Levonorgestrel/adverse effects , Amenorrhea/drug therapy , Mifepristone/therapeutic use , Quality of Life , Rivaroxaban/therapeutic use , Hemoglobins , Intrauterine Devices, Medicated/adverse effects , Contraceptive Agents, FemaleABSTRACT
Abstract Objective To describe the effects of combined oral contraceptives (COC) on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Data sourcesThis is a systematic review according to the criteria of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), registered in PROSPERO under the ID: CRD42020200019. Searches were performed between August 2020 and December 2021, in the following databases: Medline via Pubmed, Cochrane Central Library, Scientific Electronic Library Online, and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences via Virtual Health Library. The effects of the combined oral contraceptive on plasma renin activity values, plasma renin values, angiotensinogen values— also known as plasma renin substrate— angiotensin, and/or aldosterone values. Study selectionA total of 877 studies were selected and, of these, 10 articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Data collectionData were combined through qualitative synthesis and included in a spreadsheet previously prepared by the authors. Data synthesisThe collected samples ranged from 18 to 137 participants, totaling 501 women aged between 18 and 49 years throughout all studies. The studies showed increased activity of plasma renin, plasma renin substrate, angiotensin II, and aldosterone in this population. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that the COC promotes greater activation of the RAAS. Supporting the idea that its use is related to an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including systemic arterial hypertension.
Resumo Objetivo Descrever os efeitos do contraceptivo oral combinado (COC) no sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA). Fontes dos dadosTrata-se de uma revisão sistemática de acordo com os critérios do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), registrada no PROSPERO sob ID: CRD42020200019. As buscas foram realizadas entre agosto de 2020 e dezembro de 2021 nas bases de dados: Medline via Pubmed, Biblioteca Cochrane Central, Scientific Electronic Library Online, e Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde via Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Consultado os artigos sobre os efeitos do contraceptivo oral combinado nos valores da atividade da renina plasmática, valores plasmáticos da renina, valores do angiotensinogênio - também conhecido como substrato da renina plasmática -, valores da angiotensina e/ou aldosterona. Seleção dos estudosForam selecionados 877 estudos e, destes, 10 artigos preencheram os critérios de elegibilidade e foram incluídos nesta revisão. Coleta de dadosOs dados foram combinados por meio de síntese qualitativa e inclusos em uma planilha elaborada previamente pelos autores. Síntese dos dadosAs amostras coletadas variavam entre 18 e 137 participantes, totalizando 501 mulheres com idade entre 18 e 49 anos em todos os estudos. Os estudos apresentaram aumento da atividade da renina plasmática, do substrato da renina plasmática, da angiotensina II e da aldosterona nessa população. Conclusão Os achados deste estudo sugerem que o COC promove maior ativação do SRAA. Apoiando a ideia de que o seu uso esteja relacionado ao aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares, incluindo a hipertensão arterial sistêmica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Contraceptive Agents, FemaleABSTRACT
El spottingo sangrado irregular no menstrual es uno de los principales efectos secundarios de los implantes anticonceptivos, situación que se recomienda discutir con la usuaria previo a la colocación, para evitar falsas expectativas o temores que lleven a la extracción temprana del dispositivo. A propósito de una paciente sin antecedentes relevantes que consultó al centro de salud por spotting desde la colocación del implante cuatro meses antes, decidimos revisar la evidencia sobre la efectividad de los distintos esquemas farmacológicos disponibles para el manejo de este evento adverso. Luego de realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica concluimos que, si bien existe sustento para indicar algunos de los esquemas farmacológicos, este es aún débil y son necesarios estudios clínicos adicionales que brinden evidencia sólida sobre qué esquema en particular utilizar, evaluando sus riesgos y beneficios. (AU)
Spotting or irregular non-menstrual bleeding is one of the main side effects of contraceptive implants, a situation that health professionals must discuss with the user prior to its placement in order to avoid false expectations or fears that lead to early removal of the implant. Regarding a patient with no relevant history who consulted the health center due to spotting four months after implant placement, we decided to review the evidence onthe effectiveness on different pharmacological schemes available for the management of this adverse event. After performing a literature search, we concluded that, although there is support for indicating some of the pharmacological schemes, this is still weak, and further clinical studies are needed to provide solid evidence on which particular scheme touse, assessing its risks and benefits. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Ibuprofen/administration & dosage , Contraceptive Agents, Female/adverse effects , Contraceptives, Oral/administration & dosage , Contraceptives, Oral/therapeutic use , Drug Implants , Metrorrhagia/drug therapy , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Desogestrel/adverse effects , Doxycycline/administration & dosage , Contraceptive Agents, Female/administration & dosage , Systematic Reviews as TopicABSTRACT
Resumo A pílula anticoncepcional feminina é um dos principais métodos contraceptivos utilizados na atualidade; já a pílula anticoncepcional masculina, apesar de ter sido pensada há mais de 50 anos, ainda não é comercializada. O objetivo do presente trabalho é compreender aspectos psicossociais da dinâmica da sociedade em relação a novas formas contraceptivas e examinar se novas formas contraceptivas direcionadas ao corpo do homem seriam acatadas. Em março de 2018, a revista Superinteressante postou em sua página do Facebook uma reportagem sobre uma pílula anticoncepcional masculina que foi bem-sucedida em sua primeira fase de teste. A postagem gerou grande comoção e surgiram muitos comentários expressando diferentes opiniões sobre o assunto. Foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temático-categorial 294 comentários feitos nessa postagem. Os resultados revelam que esse método contraceptivo masculino aparece inscrito em um sistema representacional que salienta discussões sobre: efeitos colaterais da medicalização, a liberdade feminina, a ampliação da responsabilidade masculina na contracepção/cuidado com os filhos, a desconfiança em relação à postura feminina e outros aspectos que remetem a possíveis avanços científicos e sociais. Os dados analisados não podem ser generalizados, mas apontam para a aceitação de novas formas contraceptivas direcionadas ao corpo masculino.
ABSTRACT The female contraceptive pill is one of the main contraceptive methods used today, while the male contraceptive pill, despite being thought of more than 50 years ago, is not yet commercialized. This work aims to understand psychosocial aspects of the dynamics of society in relation to new forms of contraception and to examine whether new forms of contraception directed to the male body would be accepted. In March 2018, the magazine Superinteressante posted on Facebook a report about a male contraceptive pill that was successful in its first test phase ; the post generated great commotion and many comments emerged expressing different opinions on the subject. 294 comments made on this post were submitted to thematic-categorical content analysis. The results indicate that this male contraceptive method appears inscribed in a representational system that highlights discussions about: side effects of medicalization, female freedom, the expansion of male responsibility in contraception/child care, distrust of the female posture and other aspects that refer to possible scientific and social advances. The analyzed data cannot be generalized, but point to the acceptance of new forms of contraception aimed at the male body.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Contraception , Contraceptive Agents, Female/history , Contraceptive Agents, Male/history , Social Media , Social Representation , Brazil , Family Development PlanningABSTRACT
Estima-se que 40% das gestações no mundo sejam não planejadas. Em países de baixa renda, complicações no parto são a maior causa de morte entre mulheres de 15 a 19 anos. A disponibilidade de métodos contraceptivos reversíveis é necessária para o adequado planejamento reprodutivo. Entre os métodos reversíveis, os de longa ação (LARCs) são os mais efetivos. Métodos de curta ação (SARCs) são preferenciais para pacientes que desejam gestar a curto prazo e para as quais a gestação não será indesejada. O presente estudo é uma revisão narrativa da literatura, de artigos em inglês e português publicados entre 2009 e 2020, utilizando as bases de dados SciELO, Medline e Embase. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar os LARCs e SARCs em uma tabela com dados comparativos que auxiliem na tomada de decisão do médico e da paciente e permita estabelecer estratégias para um planejamento familiar adequado.(AU)
It is estimated that 40% of pregnancies in the world are unplanned. In low-income countries, complications in childbirth are the major cause of death among women aged 15 to 19 years. The availability of reversible contraceptive methods is necessary for proper reproductive planning. Among the reversible methods, long-acting reversible contraception (LARCs) is the most effective. Short-acting reversible contraception (SARCs) methods are preferred for patients who wish to become pregnant in the short term and for whom pregnancy will not be undesirable. The present study is a narrative review of the literature, of articles in English and Portuguese published between 2009 and 2020, using the databases SciELO, Medline and Embase. The purpose of this review is to present the LARCs and SARCs in a table with comparative data that assist in the decision making of the doctor and the patient and allow to establish strategies for adequate family planning.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Natural Family Planning Methods , Contraception/methods , Contraceptive Agents, Female , Long-Acting Reversible Contraception/methods , Databases, Bibliographic , Levonorgestrel/therapeutic use , Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination , Drug Implants , Eligibility Determination , Intrauterine Devices , Intrauterine Devices, MedicatedABSTRACT
Contraceptive use has numerous benefits for thefamily and the nation that can be maximized with its consistent use.However, many women have preferences for certain contraceptiveswith implications for continued use.OBJECTIVE: To determine the contraceptive preferences of women,their utilization pattern and factors affecting utilization of the preferredcontraceptive choices.METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 426women of reproductive age selected from 32 primary health facilitiesusing multistage sampling technique. Data was collected using a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Descriptive andinferential analysis of data collected was carried out using IBM SPSSversion 22 software. P-value was set at 0.05.RESULTS: Close to half of the respondents 211 (49.5%) preferredinjectable contraceptives, 79 (18.6%) selected implants and 27 (6.3%)chose condoms. The majority 212 (49.8%) of respondents usedinjectable contraceptives, followed by implants 66 (15.5%), condoms33 (7.7%), IUCD 54 (12.7%) and OCP 61 (14.3%). Age (p<0.001),number of children (p<0.001), clients' employment status (p<0.001),husband support (p<0.021) and desire for more children (p<0.001)were all statistically associated with the utilization of preferredcontraceptives.CONCLUSION: Even though respondents preferred the injectablecontraceptives, implants and IUCD in that order, their utilizationpattern followed the order of Injectable, implants and OCP. Severalfactors were identified to be statistically associated with the utilizationof preferred contraceptives. Health education on contraceptive useamong women, spousal support and health workers training tohighlight those factors influencing women's contraceptive preferencesand utilization are recommended
Subject(s)
Humans , Contraceptive Agents, Female , Territorialization in Primary Health Care , Patient Acceptance of Health Care , Consumer Behavior , Ambulatory Care FacilitiesABSTRACT
Introduction: Emergency Contraceptives (ECs) are after-coital contraceptive methods used before implantation. These give females in the sexually active age group the opportunity to prevent unplanned pregnancies after refusing to patronize a contraceptive before unprotected sexual intercourse or when a regular contraceptive fails and or when raped. Higher education students fall under the sexually active age category and form a higher risk group for unplanned pregnancy because of inadequate utilization of ECs. The aim of this study was to identify the determinants of ECs utilization among female tertiary students in the Middle Belt of Ghana, West Africa. Methods: institutional-based descriptive cross-sectional study design was used with quantitative method in collecting the data from 28th March 2022 to 18th April 2022. A total of 535 female tertiary students were recruited using simple random proportionate sampling technique. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and entered into Stata version 15 and analyzed descriptively and inferentially using Chi-squared test. A conventional p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: out of the 535 respondents that were interviewed, majority (426 (79.6%) were aware of ECs. However, only 44 (9.4%) had good knowledge of ECs utilization. All respondents who were affiliated to traditional religion had poor knowledge. About half of 279 (52.1%) indicated they ever utilized ECs and 200 (71.7%) of these said the efficacy of ECs was between 75-99%. Regarding barriers to ECs utilization, 333 (20.5%) indicated ECs cause infertility and 330 (20.4%) mentioned the fear of being seen by others. All Chi-square test of associations of demographic characteristics and knowledge on ECs were not statistically significant (p≥0.05). Conclusion: the study reported that ECs utilization among female tertiary students was quite low despite majority being aware of them. Most of them had poor knowledge on ECs utilization, even though majority had not experienced unplanned pregnancies. Further reproductive health and family planning education and promotion initiatives directed on the utilizations of ECs, their efficacies and typology are needed, especially among future health professionals who will later educate other young adults.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Contraception Behavior , Contraceptive Agents, Female , Contraceptives, PostcoitalABSTRACT
Informed decisions about one's sexual and reproductive health can be made through family planning. Women of reproductive age in rural Sierra Leone's Western area were asked to participate in a survey to determine their attitudes and knowledge toward family planning and the use of contraceptives. A descriptive cross-sectional study survey was conducted in the Western Area Rural of Sierra Leone. Females in the range of 15 to 49 years old were included in the study. The research was conducted from November 2021 to December 2021. Using a pre-designed and pretested questionnaire, 180 women were assessed for their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding family planning. According to the study, all participants knew about family planning, but only 68.3% had used contraceptives. There were more than half who learned about it from the media. The study found that 95% of participants had a positive attitude towards contraceptives. Most commonly, contraceptives used were oral pills (31.6), injections (21.1%), implants (19.1%), lactational amenorrhea (13.8%), condoms (8.8%), and intrauterine devices (5%). In our study, the most common reasons given by participants for not using contraceptives were; not willing to disclose 52.6%, a desire for a child 19.2%, fear of side effects 15.7%, currently pregnant 8.7%, and against religious beliefs 3.5%. The study shows that even if people are aware and educated about contraceptives, they may not use them. Educating and motivating people and improving access to family planning services are still necessary to improve the effectiveness and appropriateness of contraceptive use and halt the population growth trend. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26 [6]:15-21).
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Contraceptive Agents, Female , Family Practice , Attitude , Knowledge , Family Planning Services , HospitalsABSTRACT
Antecedentes: La tasa de embarazos no planeados en Latinoamérica está entre las más altas del mundo. Las adoles- centes están entre los grupos más vulnerables para embarazos no planeados con porcentajes de 32% a 45%. Objetivo: Describir los factores asociados a la elección de un anticonceptivo por las mujeres después de un aborto, en el Hospital Dr. Roberto Suazo Córdova, La Paz, Honduras, en el periodo de julio 2017 a junio 2019. Método: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo. Los datos fueron obtenidos usando el Sistema Informático Perinatal Aborto (SIP Aborto) en la versión SIP 4.16. Resultados: El 50.0% (67/134) de las adolescentes y 50.1% (281/550) de las mayores de 19 años eligieron un anticonceptivo postaborto. El inicio del anticonceptivo se relacionó con antecedente de aborto (p=0.006). Uso previo de anticonceptivos (p=0.007). Los anticonceptivos más elegidos fueron: Acetato de medroxiprogesterona, anticonceptivos orales combinados y condón. La elección del anticonceptivo se relacionó con evacuación instrumental del aborto (p=0.022) en adolescentes y (p=0.000) en mayores de 19 años. Se eligieron menos los mé- todos reversibles de acción prolongada. Discusión: La elección anticonceptiva postaborto fue baja. El inicio de anticonceptivos se relacionó con antecedente de aborto, uso previo de anticoncepti- vos y evacuación instrumental. Los anticonceptivos más elegidos fueron los temporales de acción corta y los menos elegidos, los temporales de acción prolongada. Se debe fortalecer el acceso a información, mejorar la consejería, garantizar acceso y disponibili- dad de anticonceptivos sobre todo de acción prolongada para ase- gurar el apego al método anticonceptivo...(AU)
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Abortion, Spontaneous , Contraception/methods , Uterine Monitoring/methods , Contraceptive Agents, FemaleABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: La anticoncepción hormonal, a través de implantes subdérmicos, es uno de los métodos anticonceptivos reversibles de larga duración más eficaces en la actualidad que está disponible en nuestro país en forma gratuita en el sistema público. OBJETIVO: Reconocer los efectos adversos y los motivos de retiro del Implante Jadelle® en usuarias del Hospital de Clínicas, así como evaluar la información recibida por las usuarias al momento de la colocación. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Un total de 160 pacientes participaron en el estudio a través de una encuesta previo consentimiento informado. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva en números absolutos y porcentuales. Resultados: Previo al uso, recibieron información sobre los probables efectos adversos del método el 83% de ellas, y acerca de la efectividad del método el 89 %. En cuanto a efectos adversos los presentaron el 80,6% de las usuarias, siendo la irregularidad de la menstruación la causa más frecuente constituyendo un 61%. CONCLUSIONES: Es alta la frecuencia de pacientes que presentan efectos adversos y que solicitan retiro del implante antes del tiempo a causa de ello, 35% de las usuarias, siendo el principal motivo la irregularidad menstrual en un 43% de los casos. Es recomendable realizar un correcto asesoramiento previo a la colocación e incentivar a las pacientes a concurrir a los controles médicos, luego de la colocación, para brindar asesoramiento y tratamiento si se presentara algún efecto adverso, con el fin de obtener una mejor continuidad de uso del método.
INTRODUCTION: Hormonal contraception, through subdermal implants, is one of the most effective long active reversal contraceptive methods currently available in our country for free in the public system. OBJETIVE: Recognize the adverse effects and the reasons for its withdrawal in users of the Hospital de Clínicas as well as to evaluate the information received by the users at the time of placement. METHODOLOGY: A total of 160 patients participated in the work with prior informed consent through a survey. Descriptive statistics were used in absolute and percentage numbers. They received information on the probable adverse effects of the 83% pre-use method, about the effectiveness of the 89% method. RESULTS: Regarding adverse effects, they were present in 80.6% of the users; the being irregularity of menstruation is the most frequent, constituting 61%. Concluding that the frequency of patients presenting with adverse effects and requesting removal of the implant before the time is high because of it, 35% of the users who requested removal menstrual irregularities were the main reason for 43% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: It is advisable to make a correct advice prior to placement and encourage patients to attend medical controls, after placement, to provide advice and treatment if any adverse effect occurs, in order to give better use in terms of method time.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Contraceptive Agents, Female/adverse effects , Device Removal , Drug Implants/adverse effects , Progesterone/administration & dosage , Progesterone/adverse effects , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Levonorgestrel/administration & dosage , Levonorgestrel/adverse effects , Contraception/methods , Contraceptive Agents, Female/administration & dosage , MotivationABSTRACT
O objetivo foi estimar as taxas de descontinuidade total no uso do contraceptivo hormonal oral, injetável e do preservativo masculino, bem como verificar as taxas de interrupção por abandono e por troca para método mais eficaz e menos eficaz. Dados de 2.051 mulheres usuárias de unidades básicas de saúde de três capitais brasileiras foram coletados por meio do calendário contraceptivo. Os resultados mostraram que 24,5% das usuárias do contraceptivo hormonal oral, 33,5% das usuárias de contraceptivo hormonal injetável e 39% das usuárias do preservativo masculino haviam descontinuado o uso do método até 12 meses de uso, independentemente da razão. Houve pouca variação nas taxas entre capitais, mas não no método utilizado. A principal razão para descontinuar o uso do método contraceptivo foi por querer engravidar (20,8%). Um total de 20% das mulheres engravidou enquanto usava algum método, e essa proporção alcançou 25,7% entre usuárias do preservativo masculino. Ressalta-se que, após 12 meses de uso, a taxa de abandono por razões relacionadas ao método contraceptivo foi de 11,4% entre usuárias do injetável. A taxa de troca para método mais eficaz foi de 15,9% entre usuárias do preservativo masculino, e a taxa de troca para método menos eficaz foi de 16,3% entre usuárias do contraceptivo hormonal injetável. As taxas de descontinuidade contraceptiva foram altas e variaram conforme o tipo de método contraceptivo utilizado.
The study aimed to estimate the total contraceptive discontinuity rates in the use of oral and injectable hormonal contraceptives, and male condoms and dropout rates due to switches to more effective and less effective methods. Data on 2,051 women, users of primary healthcare services in three Brazilian state capitals, were collected using the contraceptive calendar. The results showed that 24.5% of users of oral hormonal contraceptives, 33.5% of users of injectables, and 39% of users of male condoms had discontinued the respective method after 12 months of use, independently of the reason, and that the rates varied little between the capitals but did depend on the method. The main reason for discontinuing use of the contraceptive method was the desire to become pregnant (20.8%). Conception while using the method was reported by 20% of the women, a proportion that reached 25.7% in users of male condoms. After 12 months with the method, the dropout rate for reasons related to the contraceptive method was 11.4% in users of injectables; 15.9% of users of male condoms switched to a more effective method; and 16.3% of users of injectables switched to a less effective method. Contraceptive discontinuity rates were high and varied according to the contraceptive method.
El objetivo fue estimar las tasas de discontinuidad contraceptiva totales en el uso del contraceptivo hormonal oral o inyectable y del preservativo masculino, así como por abandono, cambio por un método más eficaz o menos eficaz. Se recogieron datos de 2.051 mujeres usuarias de unidades básicas de salud de tres capitales brasileñas mediante el calendario contraceptivo. Los resultados expusieron que un 24,5% de las usuarias del contraceptivo hormonal oral, un 33,5% de las usuarias de inyectables y un 39% de las usuarias del preservativo masculino habían discontinuado el uso del método tras 12 meses de uso, independientemente de la razón, siendo que las tasas poco variaron entre las capitales, pero sí dependiendo del método utilizado. La principal razón para interrumpir el uso del método contraceptivo fue querer quedarse embarazada (20,8%). Quedarse embarazada mientras se usaba el método fue informado por un 20% de las mujeres, proporción que alcanza un 25,7% entre usuarias del preservativo masculino. Se resalta que, tras 12 meses de uso del método, la tasa de abandono por razones relacionadas con el método contraceptivo fue un 11,4% entre usuarias de los inyectables; la tasa de cambio hacia un método más eficaz fue 15,9% entre usuarias del preservativo masculino; y la tasa de cambio por un método menos eficaz fue 16,3% entre usuarias de los inyectables. Las tasas de discontinuidad contraceptiva fueron altas y variaron según el tipo de método contraceptivo utilizado.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Condoms , Contraceptive Agents, Female , Brazil , Contraception , Contraceptives, Oral, HormonalABSTRACT
Antecedentes: Aproximadamente 80% de embara-zos en adolescentes se consideran involuntarios, 95% ocurren en países en vías de desarrollo. Entre las características de estas jóvenes destacan: un sinfín de adversidades sociales, maduración temprana, actividad sexual prematura, bajo nivel educativo, ausencia de pareja, historia materna de embarazo en adolescencia y, falta de conocimiento/acceso a métodos contraceptivos. Objetivo: Determinar el uso de métodos anticonceptivos de larga acción (MLA) entre adolescentes en condición de aborto en cuatro hospitales de Honduras, enero 2017-julio 2019. Métodos:Estudio descriptivo transversal utilizando la base de datos Sistema Informático Perinatal (SIP) módulo aborto (SIPA). Incluyó registros de pacientes de 19 años y menos. Se describen variables preestablecidas en la hoja SIP (demográficas, antecedentes patológicos, obstétricos, de uso de anticonceptivos, deseo de anticoncepción y provisión de métodos), analizando frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: De 1117 pacientes registradas, 84.9% (949) estaba en el rango de edad 16-19 años, 24.7% (276) había tenido al menos una gesta; 72.4% (809) recibió consejería/información de planificación familiar, 75.5% (843) solicitó un método y 53.1% (448) iniciaron alguno; 84.9% (949) no había usado contraceptivos antes del embarazo actual. Discusión: La información del SIPA en las instituciones participantes muestra la descripción del uso de anticonceptivos en adolescentes en situación de aborto, donde una cuarta parte de ellas había tenido gestas previas. La necesidad de información efectiva sobre uso de métodos anticonceptivos y la existencia de una brecha entre la demanda y la entrega de anticonceptivos en las unidades de salud incluidas, deben ser atendidas urgentemente...(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adolescent , Contraceptive Agents, Female , Long-Acting Reversible Contraception , Pregnancy in Adolescence/prevention & control , AbortionABSTRACT
Abstract Objective Changes in bleeding patterns could influence the decisions of healthcare professionals to change the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) before 7 years of use, the recommended period of extended use. We evaluated changes in the bleeding patterns of users of the 52 mg LNG-IUS at the end of use of the first (IUS-1) and during the second device (IUS-2) use. Methods We performed an audit of the medical records of all women who used two consecutive LNG-IUSs at the Family Planning clinic. We evaluated the sociodemographic/gynecological variables, the length of use, and the bleeding patterns reported in the reference periods of 90 days before removal of the IUS-1 and at the last return in use of IUS-2. We used the McNemar test to compare bleeding patterns. Statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. Results We evaluated 301 women aged (mean ± SD) 32 (±6.1) years, with lengths of use of 68.9 (±16.8) and 20.3 (±16.7) months for the IUS-1 and IUS-2, respectively. No pregnancies were reported. Bleeding patterns varied significantly among women who used the IUS-2 for ≥ 7 months to 6 years when compared the bleeding patterns reported in IUS-1 use. Eighty-nine out of 221 (40%) women maintained amenorrhea and infrequent bleeding; 66 (30%) evolved to bleeding patterns with light flow, and 66 (30%) maintained or evolved to heavy flow patterns (p = 0.012). No differences were observed among the 80 women with ≤ 6 months of use. Conclusion Changes in bleeding patterns occur during the use of LNG-IUS and should not be decisive for the early replacement of the device.
Resumo Objetivo Variações no padrão de sangramento podem afetar a decisão de troca do sistema intrauterino de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG) antes do período de uso estendido recomendado de 7 anos. Nós avaliamos mudanças no padrão de sangramento de usuárias ao final do uso do primeiro SIU-LNG 52 mg (SIU-1) e durante o uso do segundo dispositivo (SIU-2). Métodos Revisamos os prontuários de todas as mulheres que inseriram consecutivamente o SIU-LNG no ambulatório de Planejamento Familiar. Foram avaliadas as variáveis sociodemográficas/ginecológicas, o tempo de uso, e os padrões de sangramento relatados nos períodos de referência de 90 dias antes da remoção do SIU-1 e no último retorno em uso do SIU-2. Usamos o teste de McNemar para comparar os padrões de sangramento. A significância estatística foi estabelecida em p < 0,05. Resultados Analisamos os dados de 301 mulheres com idade (média ± desvio padrão [DP]) de 32 (±6,1) anos e tempo de uso de 68,9 (±16,8) e 20,3 (±16,7) meses para o SIU-1 e SIU-2, respectivamente. Nenhuma gravidez foi relatada. Os padrões de sangramento variaram significativamente durante o uso do SIU-2 (≥ 7 meses a 6 anos) em relação ao padrão relatado no SIU-1. Oitenta e nove das 221 (40%) mulheres mantiveram amenorreia e sangramento infrequente; 66 (30%) evoluíram para padrões de sangramento com fluxo leve e 66 (30%) mantiveram ou evoluíram para padrões de fluxo intenso (p = 0,012). Não foram observadas diferenças entre as 80 mulheres que utilizavam o SIU-2 há ≤ 6 meses. Conclusão Mudanças nos padrões de sangramento ocorrem durante o uso do LNG-IUS e não devem ser decisivas para a troca precoce do dispositivo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Levonorgestrel/administration & dosage , Levonorgestrel/adverse effects , Levonorgestrel/therapeutic use , Contraceptive Agents, Female/administration & dosage , Contraceptive Agents, Female/adverse effects , Contraceptive Agents, Female/therapeutic use , Affective Symptoms/epidemiology , Intrauterine Devices, Medicated/adverse effects , Intrauterine Devices, Medicated/statistics & numerical data , Menstruation/physiology , Retrospective Studies , Medical AuditABSTRACT
Resumo Nos países que controlaram as causas clássicas de óbito materno, como eclâmpsia e hemorragia, o tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) passou a ser a principal preocupação. A prevenção do TEV na gestação e no puerpério, por meio de diretrizes e da instituição de farmacoprofilaxia, é ainda a melhor estratégia para reduzir essa complicação. Os contraceptivos hormonais e a terapia de reposição hormonal também aumentam o risco de TEV; porém, as mulheres não podem ser privadas dos benefícios dessas terapias, que as tornam mais livres na idade fértil e menos sintomáticas na menopausa. Tanto o uso indiscriminado quanto a proibição imotivada são inadequados. A escolha dos métodos contraceptivos e de reposição deve ser feita por criteriosa seleção, avaliando as contraindicações, os critérios de elegibilidade e a autonomia das pacientes. O presente artigo apresenta uma revisão não sistemática da literatura recente visando a avaliar e resumir a associação entre TEV e situações clínicas peculiares ao sexo feminino.
Abstract In countries that have controlled classic causes of maternal death, such as eclampsia and hemorrhage, venous thromboembolism (VTE) has become the major concern. Prevention of VTE during pregnancy and postpartum by applying guidelines and implementing pharmacoprophylaxis is still the best strategy to reduce occurrence of this complication. Hormonal contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy also increase the risk of VTE, but women cannot be deprived of their benefits, which increase their freedom at childbearing age and reduce their symptoms at menopause. Both indiscriminate use and unmotivated prohibition are inappropriate. Contraceptive and hormone replacement methods should be chosen with care, evaluating the patients' contraindications, eligibility criteria, and autonomy. This article presents a nonsystematic review of recent literature with the aim of evaluating and summarizing the associations between VTE and clinical situations peculiar to women.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Estrogen Replacement Therapy/adverse effects , Contraceptive Agents, Female/adverse effects , Venous Thromboembolism/etiology , Pulmonary Embolism/etiology , Pulmonary Embolism/prevention & control , Thrombosis/etiology , Thrombosis/prevention & control , Venous Thromboembolism/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Resumo Os procedimentos terapêuticos invasivos têm aumentado frequentemente com a evolução da medicina, consequentemente aumentando o número de complicações decorrentes deles. O dispositivo contraceptivo subdérmico (DCS) tem um benefício para a contracepção feminina, mas o implante e a retirada apresentam uma taxa de complicações em torno de 3%. Neste artigo, relatamos e discutimos um caso de pseudoaneurisma traumático da artéria braquial após tentativa de retirada do implante, complicada com a compressão do nervo mediano.
Abstract The frequency of invasive therapeutic procedures has increased as medicine evolves, and the number of complications related to them has increased as a consequence. Subdermal contraceptive implants (SCI) offer benefits for female contraception, but implant and removal are associated with a complication rate of around 3%. In this article, we report and discuss a case of traumatic brachial artery pseudoaneurysm after an attempt to remove an SCI, complicated by compression of the median nerve.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Aneurysm, False , Contraceptive Agents, Female , Drug Implants/adverse effects , Brachial Artery , Median Nerve , Nerve Compression SyndromesABSTRACT
Abstract: Objective: To measure the impact of an intervention on adolescents' knowledge of the phase of the menstrual cycle with more likelihood of pregnancy and identify its associated factors. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental study in two rural communities. Difference-in-differences analyses was performed. Results: There was a 22.1% average reduction in wrong answers on the phase of the menstrual cycle with more likelihood of pregnancy in the intervention group versus the control group (p<0.001). We founded six factors associated with this knowledge: marry and have children, right to receive education and information on sexual and reproductive health; gender equity; use of the condom; condom self-efficacy; emergency and contraceptive pills. Conclusion: There is a prevailing need to improve -among sexuality topics- basic knowledge of reproductive biology, while at the same time insisting on the benefits of using birth control methods provided for practicing responsible sexuality.
Resumen: Objetivo: Medir el efecto de una intervención en el conocimiento de los adolescentes sobre la fase del ciclo menstrual de mayor posibilidad de embarazo e identificar sus factores asociados. Material y métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental en comunidades rurales. Se realizó un análisis de diferencias en diferencias. Resultados: Hubo una reducción promedio de 22.1% de respuestas incorrectas sobre la fase del ciclo menstrual de mayor posibilidad de embarazo en el grupo intervención vs. control (p<0.001). Se encontraron seis factores asociados con este conocimiento: casarse y tener hijos; derecho a recibir educación e información sobre salud sexual y reproductiva; equidad de género; uso correcto del condón; autoeficacia del uso del condón y pastillas anticonceptivas y de emergencia. Conclusión: Entre las diferentes temáticas de sexualidad, prevalece la necesidad de mejorar los conocimientos básicos sobre biología de la reproducción, insistiendo a la vez sobre los beneficios que conlleva el uso de métodos anticonceptivos para ejercer una sexualidad responsable.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Rural Population , Women's Rights , Sexual Health/education , Menstrual Cycle , Marriage , Condoms , Contraceptive Agents, Female/administration & dosage , Contraception, Postcoital , Reproductive Health/education , Human Rights/education , MexicoABSTRACT
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate endocervical and vaginal environment changes in women using a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). METHODS: A quasi-experimental study included sixty women who had an LNG-IUS inserted in the Family Planning Clinic of UNICAMP between April and November of 2016. Women in reproductive age, non-pregnant, without the use of antibiotics and contraceptives seeking for LNG-IUS insertion were selected for this study. All women were evaluated with regard to vaginal and endocervical pH, vaginal and endocervical Gram-stained bacterioscopy, and Pap-smear before and two months after LNG-IUS insertion. Clinical aspects such as cervical mucus, vaginal discharge, and cervical ectopy were also observed. RESULTS: After LNG-IUS insertion, there was an increase in the following parameters: endocervical pH>4.5 (p=0.02), endocervical neutrophil amount (p<0.0001), vaginal cytolysis (p=0.04). There was a decrease in vaginal discharge (p=0.01). No statistically significant changes were found in vaginal pH, neutrophils amount in the vaginal mucosa, vaginal discharge appearance, vaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, vaginal coccobacillary microbiota, cervical mucus appearance, or cervical ectopy size. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term LNG-IUS use did not increase vulvovaginal candidiasis or bacterial vaginosis, and led to diminished vaginal discharge. Notwithstanding, this device promoted reactional changes in the vaginal and endocervical environment, without modification on cervical ectopy size.
RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações do ambiente endocervical e vaginal em mulheres usuárias de sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG). MÉTODOS: Um estudo quase-experimental incluiu 60 mulheres que inseriram o SIU-LNG na Clínica de Planejamento Familiar da UNICAMP entre abril e novembro de 2016. Mulheres em idade reprodutiva, não gestantes, sem uso de antibióticos e contraceptivos, em busca pela inserção do SIU-LNG, foram selecionadas para este estudo. Todas as mulheres foram avaliadas quanto ao pH vaginal e endocervical, bacterioscopia vaginal e endocervical por coloração de Gram, exame de Papanicolau antes e dois meses após a inserção de SIU-LNG. Aspectos clínicos como muco cervical, corrimento vaginal e ectopia cervical também foram observados. RESULTADOS: Após a inserção do SIU-LNG houve aumento nos seguintes parâmetros: pH endocervical >4,5 (p=0,02), quantidade de neutrófilos endocervicais (p<0,0001), citolise vaginal (p=0,04). Houve diminuição do conteúdo vaginal (p=0,01). Não foram encontradas alterações estatisticamente significativas no pH vaginal, na quantidade de neutrófilos na mucosa vaginal, apecto do corrimento vaginal, candidíase vaginal, vaginose bacteriana, microbiota cocobacilar vaginal, aparência de muco cervical ou tamanho da ectopia cervical. CONCLUSÃO: O uso do SIU-LNG em curto prazo não aumentou a candidíase vulvovaginal ou a vaginose bacteriana, levou à diminuição do conteúdo vaginal. No entanto, este dispositivo promoveu mudanças reacionais no ambiente vaginal e endocervical, sem modificação no tamanho da ectopia cervical.